Common interests between the stakeholders

Common interests between the stakeholders In 2009, Logilink received a new project to handle the logistics arrangement of cement between Spain and Algeria. Our client, KDM Company was assigned by the government to supply the cement to build the new highway between Algiers and Constantine in Algeria. This project has a big impact in the economical and the political side, therefore the government of Algeria has assigned KDM to supply the cement in 6 months period of time. Logilink as a logistics firm had to ensure the proper transportation of cement from refinery at Spain to Algerian port. During the 6 months period, we have arranged with KDM to transport 48,000MT of cement per month to fulfill the total quantity required for this project. 4.STAKEHOLDERS Logilink assigned our Project Manager Mr. Javier, to be in charge of this project. With the support of our CEO and shareholders, he selected the team to work with. The team comprised of five employees; Mr. Nilo the Ship Controller, Mr. Ziani the Finance Analyst, Miss Juan the Admin Assistant, Mr. Jose the Project Office Manager and me as the Operation Manager. To ensure smooth execution of this project, the functional teams within Logilink were instructed by the CEO to collaborate with Mr. Javier and provide him with all the resources required. The groups, persons, organizations and institutions related to the building and running of the new highway or which is in its area of influence is registered or inventoried by means of brain storming. (Appendix1) The team defined the stakeholders for this project by identifying organizations that had responsibilities or may affect the process and who had the influence over the new highway project. List of stakeholders: The evaluation of the projects environmental impact corresponds to the Association of Environment (APE) The authorizing body for the project was the Ministry of Public Works Logilink was responsible for shipping, maritime traffic and safety The supplier of Cement was Repsol The government sole distributor for cement in this project was KDM. The construction was handled by private entrepreneurs Bank (Societe General) Media Local transport companies. Local supplies companies. Stakeholders interests, project impact level and priority in relation to other stakeholders are identified in table1. Table 1: Stakeholders interests and impacts table Interests Potential project impact Relative priorities of interest Secondary Stakeholders Ministry of public works Achievement of targets Control over funds Political image + 2 Entrepreneurs -Profits Achievement of targets -reputation +/- + +/- 1 Media Profits Supply information to the public. +/- 3 Bank Societe Generale Profits + 3 Association Of Environment (APE) habitat destruction -Environmental degradation ? 3 Local transport companies. Profits liabilities +/- + 2 Local supplies companies profits Liabilities +/- + 2 Primary Stakeholders KDM co.ltd Profits Achievement of targets Liability (avoid at all costs) -Reputation +/- + +/- 1 Project Manager Promotion -Rewards + + 1 Repsol (Supplier) -Profits Gain Algerian Market +/- +/- 1 Team members rewards and bonuses promotions -expand skill level + ? + 2 During the process of strategic management, attention to stakeholders is important since the success and survival for public organizations relies on fulfilling key stakeholders according to their description of what is precious. (Bryson 1995: 27; Moore 1995). As an alternative, many individual groups and organizations are occupied or have partial liability to act. Discovering what the predicament is and finding solutions are part of the problem while taking stakeholders into relation is an important criterion of problem solving. (Bryson and Crosby 1992; Bardach 1998)(pb-bryson) To identify common interests between the stakeholders, the planning team had to find the relationship between the stakeholders to find the typical strategy where individual stakeholders will think that their own interests are advanced. (Andreasen 1995; Kotler, Roberto, and Lee 2002) For example, KDMs interest was to show efficiency and gain Algerian governments trust. They will increase profit and obtain more contracts. KDMs interest matched with our interest since we were a booming company searching for reputation rather than just making profit. The government wanted to complete the project on time with high quality in order for them to be more credible in the eye of the public. From the side of Repsol, their interest is to gain maximum profit which matches the entrepreneurs goals. The stakeholder-issue interrelationship diagram explains how the planning team determined the relationship between the stakeholders through their common objectives. Figure 1 Stakeholder-Issue Interrelationship Diagram (Bryant, 2003) Political image and credibility Supply information for the public Habitat destruction and environmental degradation Control over funds Entrepreneurs Ministry of public works Association Of Environme Media Societe Generale Achievement of targets Profits Reputation Liabilities Local supplies companies Local transport companies Repsol Logilink co.ltd KDM co.ltd It was necessary for our project team to analyze the stakeholders. We investigated each stakeholder, by knowing their powers, weaknesses, forces and threats (calvert 1995). Wideman (1998) suggests that the analysis should start by grouping stakeholders based on the influence. The influence level differs between stakeholders; it depends on the hierarchical relationship to the project. The government had a high level of influence compared to other secondary stakeholders which influences were lower as the project was just an opportunity to achieve goals. (Source: Wideman 1998, p.  219) KDM as the most important stakeholder had an influence on the project. If they werent satisfied they could stop the project. The Ministry of Public Works had a concern to the public sector so their influence was the highest. The environmental association could also oppose the project. Nevertheless, they didnt have a great degree of representation or the capacity for mobilizing people, so they had considerable degree of importance, but not influence. Logilink didnt have excessive importance due to low amount of competences that could affect the project. However, given their representation and capacity to mobilize, they were very influential. The same is true for entrepreneurs. Local supply and transport companies had positive effect on the project execution which resulted in low importance and influence as they represented a small segment of the population. Figure2. Classification of importance and influence of stakeholders affected by the New Highway project (Backoff and Nutt, 1992) KDMImportance Logilink Entrepreneurs LTC + LSC Repsol Ministry of public works Media Societe Generale Association Of Environment Influence Mr. Javier designed a plan to increase support and minimize oppositions from the project stakeholders (Source: PMI 2004), after identifying stakeholders process and classifying the stakeholders by their geographic location and interest in the project. The strategy defined the level of participation desired by key stakeholders. The planning team interviewed key stakeholders individually, to ensure everyones genuine support to the project. If support is lacking, they discussed and resolved obstructing issues. The treatment regarding communication and participation differed between stakeholders. The planning team arranged for each key stakeholder depending on interest level and the choice to be involved in all phases or in specific phases of the project. KDM wanted to be involved in all phases of the project. Our project team arranged a weekly meeting with KDM and updated them by sending reports for each shipment. The Ministry of Public Works just wanted to be informed when the project was completed. The stakeholder management strategy used for the project was adequate to satisfy each key stakeholder and avoid any resistance to the projects process. 5. Organisational structure The organizational structure in our company defer from one project to another, in our new highway project the company used a project team organizational structure, due to its importance and complexity. This project required specialists to work on it full time as the due time of the project was too tight. The company head office allocated Mr.Javier as project manager; the team of the project took a functional oriented structure form (Cleland 1999) Figure3.Dedicated project team (Gray Larson 2000) Human Resources Finance and administration Ship Controller Logilink co. ltd Project Directors Project Manager2 Project Manger 1 Team 1 Team 2 Sales and Marketing Figure 3 shows the feature of our new project team. The team consists of the following; Mr. Nilo the Ship Controller, Mr. Ziani the Project Accountant, Miss Juan the Admin Assistant, MR.Jose the Project Office Manager and me as the Operation Manager. To execute this project efficiently, the functional teams within Logilink were instructed by the Head Office to join forces with Mr. Javier and provide him with all the resources required. The importance of the project and its amplitude for success were the mean factors that determined the project team. All team members had a big experience in such project and knew how to deal with it in such short time. The company applied this structure as project team structure allows the project team to work independently. The team consecrated full time for the project rather than being disrupted by other obligations or duties with their mean functional departments, Although he had to report to senior executives in the parent organization, Mr Javier had the full authority over the project. After utilizing this structure, we gained faster response time since most decisions were made within the team and were not differed up the hierarchy. With proper direction, the project team worked together and was fully committed only on maximizing the projects success while disregarding their area of expertise. Gray and Larson (2000), Figure4. Projectized Organization (Source: PMI 2004) In the project management consulting work, they identified a list of characteristics that many project managers have offered as successful characteristics in their core teams. For the most part, these characteristics are observed in individuals based on their experiences and the testimony of those who have worked with them. Typically these are not characteristics whereby the presence or absence in an individual is determined through interviews (Klassen and McLaughlin, 1993). The roles and responsibilities of the project ream depend of the nature of the project itself and the level of power and capacities. In the planning and resourcing process the project team was identified, so the team remained involved throughout the project and the resources from other groups were used when it was required. 6. Roles, responsibilities and relationships of project team members After identifying the goals of the project and determining the resources needed, the head office discovered that they require a Project Manager with a lot of experience and knowledge for this particular project. Mr. Javier who is the existing Project Director in our firm was selected to be the Project Manager. His role was to ensure the implementation and success of the project as he had control over all project resources. The roles and responsibilities of each team member were as follow: As the Project Office Manager, Mr. Joses responsibilities were to control and track the detailed plan, manage documentation and prepare various reports. As the Project Accountant, Mr. Ziani had to deal with procurement, sub-contractor expenditure, joint venture accounting, monitor progress tracking and handle financial reporting. As the Ship Coordinator, Mr. Nilo was responsible for the administrative aspects of the ship and served as the associate between our company and the client. As an Admin Assistant, Ms. Juan was a specialist in the creation of accurate usable documentation both for the daily usage of the solution and as design documentation for future reference. -As the Operation Manager, I handled the way the live technical solution should be operated. Operating procedures would include routine operations, controls, security, backup/recovery and disaster plans (Simon, 2004). The organizational chart is an illustrative display of project reporting relationships (Kerzner, 2003). In our organization, the reporting relationships were informal due to the small size of the team. Our Project Manager was responsible for the creation of a WBS that mapped our assigned project to this organizational breakdown structure. To present the reporting relationships within the project context, the company designed the organizational breakdown structure in a way to show who the project is functionally organized and to describe the hierarchy and organizations that supplied resources to arrange and to transmit the work identified in the work breakdown structure (WBS) (Kerzner, 2003). Figure5.Illustrates our organizational breakdown structure (OBS). MR.Javier Project Manager MR.Ziani Project accountant Miss.Juan Admin assistant Mr.Jose Project office manager Mr.Nilo Ship coordinator Mr.Ismail Operation manager Directors Functional Departments In a project team, the nature and volume of the project as well as the variety of projects to be handled will determine the lead position. Kerzner (2003, p. 162). The project management and team leadership positions should be carefully defined and staffed at all projects levels. In a self-directed work environment, a Project Manager must display reliability, respect, trust as well as qualities that typically appears from the representation of an excellent decision maker with a superior track record in order to create and direct a project team (Cleland, 1999). The Line Manager of the team members should not be associated with the duties of a Project Manager. The Project Manager is dedicated to manage the work of the project. The Project Manager must get the cooperation and support from the team without having direct authority over them. The ability to link the project to the strategy of the business is also an indicator of a successful Project Manager (Cleland, 1999). Mr. Javier motivated the team to reach great goals, rather than merely bossing around with them (Rowe, 2007). Prior to the implementation of any leadership style, the leader should focus in plans to obtain employee satisfaction by applying components such as trust, confidence and effective communication. (Lamb and McKee, 2004).Managers with these attributes are effective in their leadership ability regardless of the style of leadership that they adapt (McShane and VonGlinow, 2004). Mr. Javiers approach as a people oriented leader enabled him to achieve employee satisfaction by utilizing his excellent competencies and skills. 7. Team development and conflict New highway project was really important for our firm due to the huge opportunities hidden behind it. The head office wanted to allocate the best resources in our company to meet the project requirements. Mr.Javier as the most experienced project manager in our company was allocated to be the project manager for this project. He had a meeting with the head office to select the members of the project team. The team was chosen within many criteria adequate with the project and to satisfy the key stakeholders expectations and needs (Source: PMI 2004) The main criteria were identifying by Gray and Larson (2000) as: Problem solving ability, were the team members had to work under pressure and ambiguities. Availability, were the team was selected to work fulltime in this project, in a way to take decision on the spot and avoid all kind of problem during the project life cycle. Technological expertise, the members of the team was chosen to be appropriate for the roles. Credibility, by allocating people with a high credibility to improve the project and the project team reputation. Political connections, one of the most important criteria because it will help to create a good relationship with the key stakeholders. Ambition, initiative, and energy, project team with those criteria will have the abilities to compensate and cover the weaknesses in other fields. Conflicts are part of individual relationships and organizational development, and no relationship or organization can hope to mature to productivity and be successful without being able to resolve conflicts effectively (Cottringer, 1997, p. 6). During the project life cycle, we faced an interpersonal conflict between Mr.Ziani and Ms.Juan. This conflict was initiated before they joined the project team, but the tension between them raised during the implementation of this project as the interdependency between them was high. As a result, the cost of not resolving it was also high. The entire team noticed the obvious heightened anger between Mr. Ziani and Ms. Juan. Consequently, both Mr. Ziani and Ms. Juan were distracted from their own work responsibility because both of them were occupied with blaming each other. A negative impact in their job performance was caused by the behaviors that both of them portrayed as they interact. For example, when Mr. Ziani needs a document or information from Ms. Juan he passed through another colleague to get it from her. Likewise from Ms. Juans side, when she received a communication or she need some work from Mr. Ziani, she asked other team members to talk on her behalf. It resulted in a stressful work environment. Knowing that the duration of this project is short, the Project Manager dealt with this conflict by using an avoidance technique, physical separation and limited interaction (Pinto and Kharbanda, 1995). He tried to keep Mr. Ziani and Ms. Juan out of each others way as much as possible, and he played the role of referee between them till the end of the project. Simultaneously, in order to ensure that this conflict will not impact the job performance, he ordered the other members of the team to play the intermediary role between them and helped them to avoid the confrontation. Conclusion: In the first stage, Logilink identified the common interests between the stakeholders and analyze them by knowing their power, weaknesses, forces and threats (calvert 1995). The organizational structure applied by the company for this project was a company used a project team organizational structure. This structure gave to the project team the power to work independently and to consecrate full time for the project In the project team Mr Javier had the full authority over the project. Mr. Javier motivated the team to reach great goals, rather than merely bossing around with them (Rowe, 2007). Mr. Javiers approach as a people oriented leader enabled him to achieve employee satisfaction by utilizing his excellent competencies and skills. The team was chosen within many criteria adequate with the project and to satisfy the key stakeholders expectations and needs (Source: PMI 2004), hence we saw an interpersonal conflict between two members of the project team. This conflict affected the teams job performance. In this conflict Mr.Javier used an avoidance technique, physical separation and limited interaction as for him it was the best way to deal with this conflict in that time due to the project circumstances.

Health and Medical Careers

There are hundreds of different medically related careers. Some of the jobs involve close contact with patients whereas others are to do with organisation and management or with providing essential support services. There are opportunities for people with all levels of qualifications from none at all, to post graduates and degrees. So don't think that you have to be VERY brainy to work in medicine because there is a job for everyone, as you will see from this presentation. To work in Medicine Basically, to work in health and medicine, you need: * Good communication and team work skills. A lot of the work you do will be as part of a team so you need to know how to behave and cooperate with other people. * To be reliable and conscientious. Your patients need to feel they can rely on you and come to you for any help. * Sensitivity, tact and understanding. (For those in patient contact) * An interest in science and technology. So don't just choose medicine because of your family, or because of the amount of money you get paid, that's just ridiculous. You need to have a genuine interest in science and technology. People with 5 GCSEs at Grades A – C * Dental technicians make dental appliances such as dentures, crowns and braces as well as fittings for people with facial injuries. It is mainly a workshop job and most dental technicians work in commercial dental laboratories. o You need to be good with your hands and be interested in science and technology. * Dental Nurses work with dentists in hospitals, community clinics and private practices. They prepare fillings and dressing, pass instruments to the dentist, attend to the patients and sometimes act like receptionists too. Therefore you need to be calm and have a pleasant manner. * Medical technology covers the area of clinical physiology and medical physics. Concerned with measuring how well various parts of the body function and it involves working with sophisticated electronic machinery such as scanners or working in nuclear medicine. The technicians assist the professionally qualified staff in diagnosing and treating patients. * Biomedical scientists work mainly in hospital labs, carrying out tests on bodily tissues and fluids. There are opportunities for those without any formal qualifications to work as medical laboratory assistants and assist those that are professionally qualified. * Pharmacy technicians make up prescriptions and prepare medicines, supervised by a pharmacist. Accuracy is essential when you are working with drugs, as mistakes can be highly dangerous. It's largely behind-the-scenes job in a hospital or in a retail chemist's shop. * Dispensing opticians supply and fit glasses and contact lenses, working from the optometrists prescription. They are not qualified to do eye tests themselves. You need to be good with people and also enjoy selling. For people with A-levels or equivalent, or with higher qualifications. * Doctors diagnose and treat illness, but they also have a role in preventing disease. Qualified doctors can specialise in general practice, surgery, psychiatry, obstetrics, orthopaedics, paediatrics, ophthalmology, oncology and many other areas. Three very good A-levels are needed, including Chemistry and often two other sciences. * Dentists treat damaged and diseased teeth and gums, and also carry out preventative and corrective treatments. Dentists must be skilled with their hands and good at dealing with people under stress. * Dental therapists and hygienists advise people on how to look after their teeth and gums. They clean and scale teeth, and carry out other treatments prescribed by dental surgeons. Therapists are trained to do fillings and extractions on children. Medical illustrator, pharmacist & optometrist * Medical Photographers record operations, post mortem examinations, laboratory specimens and injuries at various stages of recovery. Medical photographs are used for patient's records, to help in diagnosis and to record patients' progress. Medical illustrators make illustrations, diagrams, visual aids and displays. Their work is mainly used for teaching, health education, medical journals, textbooks and for presentations. * Pharmacists supply drugs, medicines, preparations and appliances prescribed by doctors, either in hospital pharmacies or over the counter in a retail chemist's shop. They have to know a great deal about medicine and their effect on the body. * Optometrists test eyesight to detect and measure faulty vision, and prescribe lenses to correct it. They must also spot any diseases, which can show up as eye conditions and know when to refer patients to a doctor. Most optometrists work in private practice, but some work in the NHS. * Clinical psychologists treat people who have behavioural problems, learning difficulties, and conditions like anxiety and depression through a mixture of counselling and psychotherapy. After a psychology degree, comes postgraduate training. * Health Promotion is an area where experienced health professionals can enter. It raises our awareness of how to live a healthy lifestyle. The work involves organising campaigns, providing advice and support to other health professionals and health service managers. * Podiatrists treat all kinds of foot problems from verrucas to ulcers. They also try to stop such problems arising in the first place. * Dieticians advise patients about special diets to follow to control a medical condition or as part of their general recovery plan. They also advise hospital catering staff on nutrition. They may also work in health and fitness clubs. * Orthoptists work with patients, often children who have defective vision, abnormal eye movements or other correctable eye conditions. They prescribe eye exercises and check on their progress. * Radiographers can specialise in one of two areas. In diagnostic radiography, they help doctors to diagnose broken bones and other conditions using x-rays, ultrasound and other techniques. In therapeutic radiography or radiotherapy, small doses of radiation are used to treat patients with conditions such as cancer. * There are many different therapists. Physiotherapists help sick and injured people, and those with disabilities, to be as physically independent as possible. They use exercises, massage, heat and electrical treatment, hydrotherapy etc. o Occupational therapists help clients to be more independent through everyday activities, which will get their minds, muscles and joints working properly. Patients may need help because psychiatric problems or accidents. o Speech and language therapists work with clients who have speech and communication problems, which they may have been born with, or which has risen due o illness, injury, or as a result of psychological problems. Therapists need to be patient, resourceful and have good communication skills. o Art, music and drama therapists help patients on general psychiatric hospital units, clinics, special schools etc. dance therapists have a similar role.

How do emotional, creative and pessimistic learning styles affect critical thinking? Essay

Critical thinking has a tendency to be thought of as a cold, dispassionate endeavor that rewards objectivism in the name of ultimate truths and facts. However, the rise of cultural pedagogy and critical theory tracks in higher education has created a new system for inquiry that favors a subjective interpretation specifically located in its relevant context. This brief essay will outline how emotional, creative and pessimistic learning styles affect critical thinking. According to the University of Michigan’s Problem Solving page for Critical Thinking, there are four keys to developing critical thinking: Identifying and challenging assumptions, recognizing the importance of context, imagining and exploring alternatives and developing reflective skepticism (Critical). Although all types of learners utilize all four, emotional learners prioritize identifying and challenging assumptions, creative learners emphasize imagining and exploring alternatives, while pessimistic learners tend to value the development of reflective skepticism (Learning). Critical thinking skills need to be cultivated and encouraged by educators according to each student’s particular learning style. No two students are alike and many times students change which type of approach they undertake depending upon the problem (Felder). Critical thinking is a vital component in creating thoughtful and inquisitive students and students need their learning style to fit into this equation. Works Cited Critical Thinking. (2009). The University of Michigan. Retrieved 12 February 2009 from http://www. engin. umich. edu/~problemsolving/strategy/crthink. htm Felder, Richard and Rebecca Brent. Understanding Student Differences. (2005). Journal of Engineering Education. Retrieved 12 February 2009 from http://www4. ncsu. edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/Papers/Understanding_Differences. pdf Treuer, Paul. Learning Styles. (2006). The University of Minnesota – Duluth. Retrieved 12 February 2009 from http://www. d. umn. edu/kmc/student/loon/acad/strat/lrnsty. html

Existentialism A Philosophical Movement - 907 Words

â€Å"The existential attitude begins with a disoriented individual facing a confused world that the cannot accept† - Robert Solomon Existentialism is best considered a philosophical movement established after World War II. People in this movement examined the problem of life for human beings. Each existentialist believes that life is absurd and has no meaning. Their common concern was with the â€Å"human condition†. Existentialists have differing evaluations of the human condition but all of them believe that â€Å"existence precedes essence†. This means that people are born without pre-existing or pre-determined circumstances or rules by which to conduct their lives. Sartre was an atheist and therefore didn’t believe in the morals set forth by the divine creator God. People come into the world lacking essence, and simply exist and can make choices to determine their essence. All existentialists reject systems which propose to have answers to the definitive questions of life. Existentialists believed that believing in an all-encompassing system such as Christianity was detrimental to a perso n’s true capability of being free. People who believe in God believe that â€Å"essence precedes existence†, which is the opposite of existentialist belief. Soren Kierkegaard’s father believed that a youthful denunciation of God had brought a curse upon his family and that all his children would die before the age of thirty-four, which was true for all but Kierkegaard and one brother. Kierkegaard studiedShow MoreRelatedShakespeares King Lear vs. Tuesdays with Morrie1495 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Existentialism was in part a reaction to modernism, but its roots can be traced to ancient philosophical traditions ranging from Zoroastrianism and Judaism, Buddhism and Platonism (Flynn). The essence of existentialism is authenticity of experience, asking the philosopher to undergo deep introspection. 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William Shakespeare s Othello And O - 1760 Words

The O-ffects of Jealousy: A Comparison of Final Scenes in Othello and O If William Shakespeare were alive today he could have been a millionaire movie producer, but alas his misfortune caused him to die an author who causes many students to cringe upon the mention of his name. William Shakespeare wrote the classic Othello in 1604, in 2001 Tim Blake Nelson directed the film O based on Othello. Both of these stories run the same story line but with a difference in setting, time period, and characters names. The correlation to the original Othello that O displays allows for a better understanding of the text as well as a deeper appreciation for the talented mind of Shakespeare. The final scene of Othello can be translated into a modern adaptation for a younger audience and still correlate with the original. The final scene in Othello is a pivotal shocking twist which Shakespeare is known to incorporate into many of his works. Shakespeare continues his habit of killing off main characters in the final scene. The original Othello and the more recent film, O, contrast well within the final scene. Both versions include the deaths of the same characters and both versions execute the feeling that Shakespeare intended his audience to experience. Upon closer observation it can be analyzed why film director Tim Blake Nelson would make the changes that he did. The final scene in Othello can be a confusing subject for many readers and is often avoided by younger audiences. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Contemporary American Rendition Of Othello By William Shakespeare1191 Words   |  5 PagesOthello, composed by Shakespeare in 1603, is a standout amongst the most disputable and pertinent plays to both society and people. It investigates themes such as gender equality and Jealousy that are still pervasive today. The film O, on the other hand, is the contemporary American rendition of Othello. It too explores similar notions pertinent to society. At the core of both these texts there are universal themes that make it similar, however, each text has been altered by the composers, WilliamRead More Irregularities in Othello1716 Words   |  7 PagesIrregularities in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shakespearean tragedy Othello contains various irregularities of time and occurrence which cause the audience to scratch their head in wonder and doubt. Let us analyze some of these shortcomings in this essay.    In the Introduction to The Riverside Shakespeare Frank Kermode explains one of the difficulties in Othello:    Othello murders his wife on the second night in Cyprus. The difficulty, of which Shakespeare was clearly aware, arisesRead MoreEssay about Jealousy in Shakespeares Othello1581 Words   |  7 PagesJealousy in Othello  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare is known for his exceptional ability to compose plays full of deceit, trickery, revenge, and jealousy. The play Othello, evolves around the theme of jealousy.    One of Shakespeares most credible characteristics in his writing is his ability to compose a play in which has a story that originates, and strides on lies. As theses lies were unraveled the central theme of his play became distinct, and clearly visible. The central theme wasRead MoreAnalysis Of Sax s Film Othello 1457 Words   |  6 PagesGeoffrey Sax s advanced retelling of William Shakespeare s Othello can control Shakespeare s unique ideas in spite of the time period and connection in which both writings happen, while investigating the all inclusive topics of prejudice, misogyny and force. Shakespeare s play reflects conventional Elizabethan connections and qualities in its investigation of such ideas amidst a catastrophe impelled on by misleading and desirously (Aebischer 12). On the other hand, Geoffrey Sax s 2001 representationRead MoreEssay about Jealousy in Shakespeares Othello1450 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeares Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚   Othello features jealousy as the dominant motive for action and therefore just as reflected in real life we bare witness to jealousy influencing the characters of Iago, Brabantio, Roderigo, and Othello. In this essay I shall be attempting to examine this theme in depth drawing comparison between jealousy and the consequential action.   The dominance of jealousy as the chief causative force of action in the drama is very obvious to most critics. In William Shakespeare:Read MoreEssay on The Theme of Self Esteem in Othello1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe Theme of Self Esteem in Othello For the theater-going people of the Elizabethan age, there were many hardships. Many of them experienced poor living conditions and treatment. All of them faced the dangers of a comparatively underdeveloped medical knowledge which often left the young and elderly to die of common diseases. The magic of Shakespeare is not only that historians can learn of otherwise undocumented details of the 1500s, but also that all readers can discover the many similaritiesRead More Iago of William Shakespeares Othello Essay1546 Words   |  7 PagesIago of William Shakespeares Othello Who is Iago? Iago poisons peoples thoughts, creating ideas in their heads without implicating himself. His first victim is Roderigo. Roderigo remarks, That thou, Iago, who hast had my purse as if the strings were thine. [Act I, Scene I, Line 2] Throughout the play, Iago leads Roderigo, professing that . . . I do hate [the Moor] as I do Hell pains. [Act I, Scene I, Line 152] He tells Roderigo to Put money in thy purse [Act I, Scene III, Line 328]Read MoreOthellos Tragic Flaw Essays1208 Words   |  5 PagesOthello, a Moor, comes to Venice after several years of serving in the military. Being a Moor makes it difficult to be taken seriously. I tis like segregation in the 1960’s, white’s had luxury while colored had almost nothing. In order for Othello to gain some respect, he had to gain authoritative power, which he did by becoming a military general. In the military Othello meets Cassio and Iago, he chooses Cassio as his lieutenant which upsets Iago. The promotion of C assio begins to show jealousyRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprofitable in condition of good and immorality. Othello is presented as good and Iago as evil, but Iago and Othello’s relationship also shares a distrust of their wives. The overall logical argument is based on love, jealousy and betrayal between two lovers that ultimately leads to their separation because of Iago’s evil plan. I am using this article to agree with Berry s view on how Iago separates two lovers just so he can take retaliation on Othello by manipulating everyone to unmasking their trueRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1599 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s 16th century play Othello is a duplicitous and fraudulent tale set alternatingly between Venice in act 1, and the island of Cyprus thereafter. The play follows the scandalous marriage between protagonist Othello, a Christian moore and the general of the army of Venice, and Desdemona, a respected and intelligent woman who also happens to be the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. Shakespeare undoubtedly positions the marriage to be viewed as heroic and noble, despite

Methods of cortical specialisation free essay sample

Methods of studying cortical specialisation are divided into two groups: the invasive, and the non-invasive. The invasive methods are those, in which something is injected into the brain, to find out what the problem is. The non-invasive methods are more ethical, as there are no changes in the brain area, therefore no damage can be done to it. One of the invasive methods of cortical specialisation is neurosurgery. It involves manipulating with the structures within the brain. There are two main ways of performing neurosurgery: ablation, which is a surgical procedure used to remove certain areas of the brain, and lesioning, which is cutting neural connections within the brain. An advantage of using neurosurgery, is that it allows for a lot of control and detail in the location of faults within the brain. On the other hand, cutting neural connections, or removing certain parts of the brain, may damage other ones, which may lead to a more severe consequence. We will write a custom essay sample on Methods of cortical specialisation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another invasive method is electrical and chemical stimulation. It is a very important technique, which involves electrical stimulation of certain parts of the brain. There is also the Wada test, which is a chemical test used to establish which functions correspond to which hemisphere of the brain, which is done by injecting an anaesthetic into one hemisphere at a time in order to stop any language or memory functions in that hemisphere. A strength of this method, is that stimulating the brain is less harmful than surgery, therefore making it more ethical, however, the research conducted on animals, cannot be applied onto humans, which may cause unreliable results. Post-mortems, are another method. They are used to compare brains to look for faults. A patient, who has a rare affliction, is examined after his death. The part of the brain that is damaged is then associated with the affliction. Before the introduction of scans and X-rays, this was one of the only ways to study cortical specialisation. It provides a great understanding on rare cases in individual patients, but getting a persons brain for experimental purposes, can be very difficult. One of the main non-invasive methods of studying cortical specialisation, is the electroencephalogram, or the EEG, which is a measurement of electrical activity via a recording from electrodes placed on the patients head. The signal is then shown on a computer screen which the doctors can analyse. An advantage of this, is that the doctor is not interacting with the brain, therefore natural measurements are taken, which in turn increases the reliability, but electrodes may not be sensitive enough to pick up the slight actions which may be the cause for a fault. Scans are also a very good way of studying the brain. There are 3 main types of scans: the CAT scan, the PET scan, and the MRI scan. Computerised axial tomography (CAT) is a scan, where a narrow X-ray beam is sent through a patients head to measure the amount of radiation absorbed. This is done on hundreds of axes throughout the head. These are then fed onto a computer. They are useful for evaluating the amount of swelling due to tissue damage. Position emission tomography (PET) is a procedure where different levels of neural activity are assessed when the brain is active. A small amount of radioactive glucose is injected into the patients veins, which then is used by the brain like normal glucose, and scientists can measure the amount of radiation. This scan may seem invasive, but no unusual substance is directly injected into the brain, therefore no harm is done. Magnetic resonance imaging, is a very sophisticated technique where scanners use magnetic fields and radio waves to produce a high quality image of a persons brain. This is done by placing a patient in a tunnel surrounded by a magnet, and then, the body is exposed to a pulse, to which the tissues react, and the reaction is measured by the scientist. This is done repeatedly to produce precise images. Scans provide high amounts of detailed knowledge of areas of the brain while they are active, therefore they give the most reliable results, but on the other hand, they do not record spontaneous behaviour, and also they can be very time consuming.